Other views - other concepts

None of this section should be read before paying homage to Elie Metchnikoff. His writings. (for me) remain as prescient today as they should have been received around the turn of the 19th/20th Century. Everything is built around inflammation with its four stages of destruction, clearance, reconstruction and restitution. The adaptive immune system has simply evolved to embellish it.
A good point to start looking at more recent ideas is in an article by Zlatko Dembic in The Immunologist. This article starts with an exposition of Zlatko's "Integrity" theory and goes on to explore other, significant, extant perceptions about the function of the immune system. (Nb, this journal has gone "extinct" – follow the Zlatko link to find out more about this article. Zlatko has published a bevy of sequels listed in the link to this author (above).
Other points to look for "concept" material is in the following two journal editions:

Seminars in Immunology –June 2000 issue
Immunological Reviews – Volume 159 – On the mystique of the immunological self.

The "Sense of self" web debate at HMS Beagle (no longer archived there; it used to be visible at Melvin Cohn's Salk web site but this has disappeared). I have risked copyright infringement by repoducing the introductory page here. Note that this is the first – and possibly the last – time that I have been cited alongside key (theoretical) immunologists. I was not invited to or contacted by people in this debate despite the citation (without a source reference).
Particular authors or groups of authors with an interest in models of immune function.

Sir Macfarlane Burnet made some extremely prescient observations in the last chapter of this book.
The Cohn/Langman view (see the PubMed search for Melvin Cohn's papers.)
Coutinho – see Seminars in Immunology June 2000 issue as above.
Polly Matzinger and the "danger" hypothesis (PubMed list). Note that the "danger" theory has, as one if its main posits, the suggestion that the immune system does not discriminate self from non-self. Now, if this concept means to restrict this statement to just the adaptive immune system, I more or less agree with that (although self/non-self still has an influence upon it, it is not a primary "purpose"). If it means that there is no form of self non-self discrimination, then I think that this conclusion is wrong. The problem is that the self/non–self theories grew up around a "lymphocentric" view of the immune system and the idea that every encountered epitope (antigen) is categorised into self or non-self. The roles of general cell-to-cell interactions, innate immune cell activity, apoptosis and autophagy were not regarded as integral components of the immune system during the inception stages of the self/non–self theory. I contend that healthy-self-(whole)-cells are discriminated from other-than-healthy-self-(whole)-cells. The latter includes ruptured self (and other) cells and their debris. I further contend that aggressive adaptive immune responses are mounted dominantly, if not exclusively, against epitopes that are encountered in association with damage; and this is more or less in keeping with "danger" when this is interpreted in its "damage–association" perspective (which has now become commonplace).
Charles Janeway and the "stranger/pattern recognition receptor" hypothesis.
Theoretical immunology sites (note that many tend to concentrate on mathematical modelling rather than on teleological models – models that attribute a purpose to the system, eg, self/non–self discrimination, "danger" stimulation, "stranger" stimulation). Donald Forsdyke keeps a list of many of these (end of file) together with his own work in this area.
Arlette Mercae, in her thesis, provides a detailed (and, to my mind, insightful) appraisal of the turbulence that has characterised immune system theories over the last ten to fifteen years
Fascinatingly, back in 1960 Frank Burnet wrote, "There is an insistent suggestion that immunological self-recognition is derived from the processes by which morphological and functional integrity is maintained in large and long-lived multicellular organisms." Burnet FM, "Immunological recognition of self" Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1960 (found in the conclusion).
The Scandinavian J Immunology is running a series of (usually free access) discussion papers on models in immunology. Colin Anderson wrote on contextual models of immune stimulation and this appeared in the April 2006 edition of this journal. Matzinger, Cohn, Langman, Zinkernagel and Hengartner made earlier contributions (many cited in Colin Anderson's article).
The first published challenge to the "self/non-self" theory of adaptive immune system function (that I am aware of) appeared in a late 1992 letter to "Immunology Today" from Ephraim Fuchs. He suggested three alternative explanations of a contradiction in explanation; "The third is to acknowledge the universality of the two signal model / ... / and to reject the theory that the immune system is capable of discriminating self from nonself." Ephraim appears to have been the person who convinced Polly Matzinger that the "self/non-self" theory of adaptive immune system activation was suspect (see the Acknowledgements in her 1994 paper).
Walter Gottlieb Land has also developed a damage model of adaptive immune stimulation. He published his first article, including this concept, in 1994 (cited in this current paper). Arguably, he shares equal publication precedence with Polly Matzinger. He recently (2015) wrote an article entitled "How evolution tells us to induce allotolerance." The reference link is in this article.

Who is citing me?

Remarkably few people. I got a transitory mention (but no source reference) in the "Sense of self" debate. Otherwise this file lists the sum total of those who have cited my papers.

Note that both Rod Langman (2002) and Charlie Janeway (2003) both died soon after the turn into this century

List of publications that refer to morphostasis

PMID is the unique pubmed ID number (use https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/{PMID} to reach article).

BURWELL RG.
The role of lymphoid tissue in morphostasis.
Lancet. 1963 Jul 13;2(7298):69-74.
PMID: 14017257

SIMON KH.
[DIFFERENTIATION, INDUCTION AND MORPHOSTASIS].
Med Monatsschr. 1964 Jan;18:15-7. German.
PMID: 14124143

Tarin D.
Tissue interactions in morphogenesis, morphostasis and carcinogenesis.
J Theor Biol. 1972 Jan;34(1):61-72.
PMID: 5017028

Perez-Tamayo R.
[Morphostasis: regulation of structure].
Bol Estud Med Biol. 1974;Suppl 1:145-61. Spanish.
PMID: 4467894

Pierpaoli W, Maestroni GJ.
[Bone marrow regulatory factors (BMRF) and the transplanting of bone marrow: a model of morphostasis and immunity].
Fiziol Cheloveka. 1984 Mar-Apr;10(2):234-41. Russian.
PMID: 6398233

Melito R.
Adaptation in family systems: a developmental perspective.
Fam Process. 1985 Mar;24(1):89-100.
PMID: 3987886

Matskevichus ZK.
[Mechanisms and role of collagen biodegradation in pathology].
Arkh Patol. 1987;49(6):3-10. Review. Russian.
PMID: 2821972

Cuk M, Radosevic-Stasic B, Milin C, Kirigin M, Rukavina D.
Lymphoid system as a regulator of morphostasis and hormonal modulation of these functions.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;496:104-7.
PMID: 2886093

Kirkham J, Robinson C, Shore RC.
Rates of protein turnover at specific sites of the rat incisor periodontal ligament.
J Biol Buccale. 1991 Mar;19(1):61-7.
PMID: 1864860

Bukovský A, Michael SD, Presl J.
Cell-mediated and neural control of morphostasis.
Med Hypotheses. 1991 Nov;36(3):261-8.
PMID: 1686295

Woods NF, Lewis FM.
Design and measurement challenges in family research. .
West J Nurs Res. 1992 Jun;14(3):397-403
PMID: 1615653

Cunliffe J.
Morphostasis and immunity.
Med Hypotheses. 1995 Feb;44(2):89-96. .
PMID: 7596312

Radosevic-Stasic B, Trobonjaca Z, Lucin P, Cuk M, Polic B, Rukavina D.
Immunosuppressive and antiproliferative effects of somatostatin analog SMS 201-995.
Int J Neurosci. 1995 Apr;81(3-4):283-97.
PMID: 7628916

Cunliffe J.
Morphostasis: an evolving perspective.
Med Hypotheses. 1997 Dec;49(6):449-59.
PMID: 9466367

Milin C, Tota M, Domitrovic R, Giacometti J, Pantovic R, Cuk M, Mrakovcic-Sutic I, Jakovac H, Radosevic-Stasic B.
Metal tissue kinetics in regenerating liver, thymus, spleen, and submandibular gland after partial hepatectomy in mice.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2005 Winter;108(1-3):225-43.
PMID: 16327075

Potter JD.
Morphogens, morphostats, microarchitecture and malignancy.
Nat Rev Cancer. 2007 Jun;7(6):464-74. Review.
PMID: 17522715

Leander BS, Esson HJ, Breglia SA.
Macroevolution of complex cytoskeletal systems in euglenids.
Bioessays. 2007 Oct;29(10):987-1000. Review.
PMID: 17876783

Cunliffe J.
Intentional pathogen killing--or denial of substrate?
Scand J Immunol. 2007 Dec;66(6):604-9. Epub 2007 Oct 19.
PMID: 17949408

Mrakovcic-Sutic I, Jakovac H, Simin M, Grebic D, Cuk M, Trobonjaca Z, Radosevic-Stasic B.
Heat shock protein-GP96 as an innate sensor of damage and activator of autoreactive NKT and regulatory T cells during liver regeneration.
Histol Histopathol. 2008 Sep;23(9):1111-26.
doi: 10.14670/HH-23.1111.
PMID: 18581282

Yubuki N, Ceza V, Cepicka I, Yabuki A, Inagaki Y, Nakayama T, Inouye I, Leander BS.
Cryptic diversity of free-living parabasalids, Pseudotrichomonas keilini and Lacusteria cypriaca n. g., n. sp., as inferred from small subunit rDNA sequences.
J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2010 Nov-Dec;57(6):554-61.
doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2010.00509.x
PMID: 20880033

Bukovsky A.
Immune maintenance of self in morphostasis of distinct tissues, tumour growth and regenerative medicine.
Scand J Immunol. 2011 Mar;73(3):159-89.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02497.x
PMID: 21204896

Yamaguchi A, Yubuki N, Leander BS.
Morphostasis in a novel eukaryote illuminates the evolutionary transition from phagotrophy to phototrophy: description of Rapaza viridis n. gen. et sp. (Euglenozoa, Euglenida).
BMC Evol Biol. 2012 Mar 8;12:29.
doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-29
PMID: 22401606
PMCID: PMC3374381

Bukovsky A, Caudle MR.
Immunoregulation of follicular renewal, selection, POF, and menopause in vivo, vs. neo-oogenesis in vitro, POF and ovarian infertility treatment, and a clinical trial.
Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2012 Nov 23;10:97.
doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-97
PMID: 23176151
PMCID: PMC3551781

Radosevic-Stasic B, Jakovac H, Grebic D, Trobonjaca Z, Mrakovcic-Sutic I, Cuk M.
Heat shock protein Gp96 as potential regulator of morphostasis after partial hepatectomy in mice.
Curr Aging Sci. 2012 Dec;5(3):254-62. Review.
PMID: 23387888

Farooqui A, Aggarwal N, Jha N.
Thecamoebians from Late Permian Gondwana sediments of peninsular India.
Eur J Protistol. 2014 Feb;50(1):89-105.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejop.2013.05.003
PMID: 23876495

Baumgartner S, Flückiger H, Kunz M, Scherr C, Urech K.
Evaluation of Preclinical Assays to Investigate an Anthroposophic Pharmaceutical Process Applied to Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) Extracts.
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:620974.
doi: 10.1155/2014/620974
PMID: 24876872
PMCID: PMC4024402

Hockel M.
Morphogenetic fields of embryonic development in locoregional cancer spread
Lancet Oncol. 2015 Mar;16(3):e148-51
doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71028-9
PMID: 25752565

Elfayomy AK, Almasry SM, El-Tarhouny SA, Eldomiaty MA.
Human umbilical cord blood-mesenchymal stem cells transplantation renovates the ovarian surface epithelium in a rat model of premature ovarian failure: Possible direct and indirect effects.
Tissue Cell. 2016 Aug;48(4):370-82.
doi: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.05.001
PMID: 27233913

Bukovsky A.
Involvement of blood mononuclear cells in the infertility, age-associated diseases and cancer treatment.
World J Stem Cells. 2016 Dec 26;8(12):399-427.
doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i12.399
PMID: 28074124
PMCID: PMC5183987

Levin M, Pietak AM, Bischof J.
Planarian regeneration as a model of anatomical homeostasis: Recent progress in biophysical and computational approaches.
Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2018 Apr 30. pii: S1084-9521(17)30197-0.
doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.003
PMID: 29635019